ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUG | ASSAM,INDIA

INDIA IS THE FIRST COUNTRY WHICH PROVIDES DRUGS FOR EVEN AFTER SECOND-LINE OF TUBERCULOSIS

Singapore researchists says :
 As per reports, the Indian state of Assam has become the first state in Asia to launch a new drug that can combat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. The drug, Bedaquiline (BDQ) can be offered exclusively to patients who have failed to respond to standard first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs. Assam's health officials announced the launch of the drug at the Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi TB Hospital in the presence of doctors who will be expected to use the drug selectively on patients with drug-resistant TB. State health officials refused to divulge the exact cost. The drug was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for usage only in cases pertaining to MDR. The drug was made available free to India by US based company Jansen for use in hospitals in Guwahati, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Mumbai, and New Delhi only on patients who meet certain criteria for drug-resistant TB. Mr Nayan Jyoti Das, the joint director of health services and the state officer for India's TB control program, said, "Many TB patients develop resistance to several drugs. But with the launch of bedaquiline, it will be possible to treat such patients. However, this new drug will be given along with four to five other drugs." The drug, however, is very expensive and as per reports will cost around Rs 21 lakh per patient. "The drug is expensive. We hope it will help the fight," said Mr Rathindra Nath Bhuyan, director of Health Services, Assam.

BIO-MARKERS AND ITS APPLICATIONS

WHAT IS A BIOMARKER ?

A biomarker , or biological marker, generally refers to a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. The term is also occasionally used to refer to a substance the presence of which indicates the existence of a living organism. Further, life forms are known to shed unique chemicals, including DNA, into the environment as evidence of their presence in a particular location.^[1]

Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers are used in many scientific fields.

molecules that is to be indicate the organic matter

Definition-BIOMARKERS

Monoclonal antibodies

"Mabs" redirects here. For other uses, seeMab.

A general representation of the method used to produce monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are monospecific antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell, in contrast to polyclonal antibodies which are made from several different immune cells. Monoclonal antibodies havemonovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope.

Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool inbiochemistry, molecular biology andmedicine. When used as medications, the non-proprietary drug name ends in -mab (see "Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies"), and many immunotherapyspecialists use the word mabanacronymically.

Terms and Definitions

These are the main branches of biology:

• Aerobiology – the study of airborne organic particles
• Agriculture – the study of producing crops and raising livestock, with an emphasis on practical applications
• Anatomy – the study of form and function, in plants, animals, and other organisms, or specifically in humans
  • Histology – the study of cells and tissues, a microscopic branch of anatomy
• Astrobiology (also known as exobiology, exopaleontology, and bioastronomy) – the study of evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe
• Biochemistry – the study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular level
• Bioengineering – the study of biology through the means of engineering with an emphasis on applied knowledge and especially related to biotechnology
• Biogeography – the study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally
• Bioinformatics – the use of information technology for the study, collection, and storage of genomic and other biological data
• Biomathematics (or Mathematical biology) – the quantitative or mathematical study of biological processes, with an emphasis on modeling
• Biomechanics – often considered a branch of medicine, the study of the mechanics of living beings, with an emphasis on applied use throughprosthetics or orthotics
• Biomedical research – the study of health and disease
  • Pharmacology – the study and practical application of preparation, use, and effects of drugs and synthetic medicines
• Biomusicology – the study of music from a biological point of view.
• Biophysics – the study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciences
• Biosemiotics – the study of biological processes through semiotics, by applying the models of meaning-making and communication
• Biotechnology – the study of the manipulation of living matter, including genetic modification and synthetic biology
  • Synthetic biology – research integrating biology and engineering; construction of biological functions not found in nature
• Building biology – the study of the indoor living environment
• Botany – the study of plants
• Cell biology – the study of the cell as a complete unit, and the molecular and chemical interactions that occur within a living cell
• Cognitive biology – the study ofcognition as a biological function
• Conservation biology – the study of the preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife
• Cryobiology – the study of the effects of lower than normally preferred temperatures on living beings
• Developmental biology – the study of the processes through which an organism forms, from zygote to full structure
  • Embryology – the study of the development of embryo (from fecundation to birth)
• Ecology – the study of the interactions of living organisms with one another and with the non-living elements of their environment
• Environmental biology – the study of the natural world, as a whole or in a particular area, especially as affected by human activity
• Epidemiology – a major component of public health research, studying factors affecting the health of populations
• Evolutionary biology – the study of the origin and descent of species over time
• Genetics – the study of genes and heredity.
  • Epigenetics – the study of heritable changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence
• Hematology (also known as Haematology) – the study of blood and blood-forming organs.
• Integrative biology – the study of whole organisms
• Limnology – the study of inland waters
• Marine biology (or Biological oceanography) – the study of ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and other living beings
• Microbiology – the study of microscopic organisms (microorganisms) and their interactions with other living things
  • Bacteriology - the study of bacteria
  • Mycology – the study of fungi
  • Parasitology – the study of parasites and parasitism
  • Virology – the study of viruses and some other virus-like agents
• Molecular biology – the study of biology and biological functions at the molecular level, some cross over with biochemistry
• Nanobiology - the study of hownanotechnology can be used in biology, and the study of living organisms and parts on the nanoscale level of organization
• Neurobiology – the study of the nervous system, including anatomy, physiology and pathology
• Population biology – the study of groups of conspecific organisms, including
  • Population ecology – the study of how population dynamics and extinction
  • Population genetics – the study of changes in gene frequencies in populations of organisms
• Paleontology – the study of fossils and sometimes geographic evidence of prehistoric life
• Pathobiology or pathology – the study of diseases, and the causes, processes, nature, and development of disease
• Physiology – the study of the functioning of living organisms and the organs and parts of living organisms
• Phytopathology – the study of plant diseases (also called Plant Pathology)
• Psychobiology – the study of the biological bases of psychology
• Quantum biology - the study ofquantum mechanics to biological objects and problems.
• Sociobiology – the study of the biological bases of sociology
• Structural biology – a branch ofmolecular biology, biochemistry, andbiophysics concerned with the molecular structure of biological macromolecules
• Zoology – the study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior, including:
  • Ethology – the study of animal behavior
  • Entomology – the study of insects
  • Herpetology – the study of reptiles and amphibians
  • Ichthyology – the study of fish
  • Mammalogy – the study of mammals
  • Ornithology – the study of birds